objective(s) there are some reports that the teratogenic effects of cyclophosphamide (cpa) can be prevented by application of antioxidant drugs and stimulation of the maternal immune system. echinacea purpurea extract is antioxidative and immunomodulator drug. mesna (sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate) is used for decreasing side effects of cpa, especially hemorrhagic cystitis. in this study, we...

Objective(s) There are some reports that the teratogenic effects of cyclophosphamide (CPA) can be prevented by application of antioxidant drugs and stimulation of the maternal immune system. Echinacea purpurea extract is antioxidative and immunomodulator drug. Mesna (Sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate) is used for decreasing side effects of CPA, especially hemorrhagic cystitis. In this study, w...

purpose: to assess the frequency and type of associated malformations and chromosomal anomalies among patients with anophthalmia, microphthalmia, and coloboma in sistan and baluchestan province. methods: patients with a clinical diagnosis of anophthalmia, microphthalmia, or coloboma were examined to find any anomaly in craniofacial, muscle-skeletal, cardiac, neurologic and urogenital systems. a...

in this descriptive study, researchers determined rate and type of newborn infants’ anomalies in rafsanjen niknafas hospital in 1991-1995.  this study is resulted from medical records of mothers referring to above mentioned center during five years. total number of child birth was 21187. 17321 was normal vaginal delivery and 3866 was cesarean section. because of unknown reasons, 57 infants were...

introduction robinow syndrome (rs) is an infrequent genetic condition that is characterized by a dysmorphic face, dental anomaly, short stature, mesomelic limb shortening, hand and foot anomalies, and hypoplastic genitalia. the robinow syndrome has been reported from the arab countries and other asian countries, but has not been reported in iranian population so far. case presentation a new bor...

in this study, chromosome analyses were performed on 70 infertile azoospermic and oligospermic (<20 million/ml) men, and also cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes by high resolution banding method were analysed as well. it is revealed 8 (11.43 percent) men with chromosomal abnormality. there were 31.4 percent patients with azoospermia and 68.6 percent with oligospermia from several thousand...

Introduction: The number, size, shape, and structure of teeth in humans show very wide variation among different populations and sometimes within the same population. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of developmental dental anomalies among patients attending the faculty of dentistry in Rasht, Iran over a period of seven months. Materials and methods: This cross-se...

objective the associations between imperforate anus and spinal and vertebral abnormalities and neurologic deficits are well recognized; these neurologic deficits have been considered static rather than progressive. however, recent experience indicates that some patients may develop progressive neurologic problems due to spinal cord lesions that are amenable to neurosurgical correction. material...

craniofacial  anomalies  include  clefts,  synostoses,  atrophic  abnormalities,neoplasias etc. among which cleft lip and/or palate caused by abnormal facial development during gestation is one of the most prevalent congenital defects. its overall occurrence is about 1:700 ranging from 0.02 to 4.04 in 1000 live births. there are different etiologic factors considering the cleft cause. in most c...